Abidin. “Arabic As a Parent Language: Historical Traces in the Spread of Knowledge During the Golden Age of the Abbasids”. al-Afkar, Journal For Islamic Studies 8, no. 4 (November 24, 2025): 1180–1195. Accessed June 13, 2026. https://mail.al-afkar.com/index.php/Afkar_Journal/article/view/1753.